Editor for this issue: Ann Dizdar <[email protected]>
This article contains further proof that Sumerian and IE are closely
related. It was obtained by inspection of the most reliable wordlist
at my disposal, Marie-Louise Thomsen's Catalogue of Verbs in "The
Sumerian Language", 1984. Of the 192 verbs/adjectives, 181 are given
IE etymologies here, a number that is almost certainly too high. I
think the vast majority of them are solid, though.
I'd like to call attention especially to item #25, the
three suppletive roots of the verb "to carry."
1. SOUND CORRESPONDENCES.
For initial consonants, I have used the following correspondences:
PIE Sumerian PIE Sumerian PIE Sumerian
(*b) b *d d *g g
*bh b, p *dh d (t, r?) *gh g (k)
*p p *t t *k k
*gw g, g~, m, (b?)
*gwh g, g~, m, (b?, k)
*kw k, g~, m
*y -- *n n *? --
*w g~, m *l l, n *h h, --
*m m *r r, Vr *hw h, g~/m
*s s, s^ *Cl- l
*sk s^ *Cr- C
*st z
Medially/finally:
PIE Sumerian PIE Sumerian PIE Sumerian
*b -- *d -- *g --
*p, *bh b, -- *t, *dh d, -- *k, *gh g, --
*gw -- ? *y i, -- ? *? i?, --
*kw, *gwh m, g~ *w u, g~/m, -- *h(w) a/i/u?, --
The rest the same as initially (except for l/r and n/m getting
confused).
2. THOMSEN'S CATALOG OF VERBS
["Reconstructions" of "Proto-Sumerian" are only tentative]:
1. ag~2 "to measure, to measure (strength?) = to command, to measure
(the earth) = to love"
8. au-, aue^i- "to sense, to notice" (Pokorny, p. 78).
[Note also:]
6. au-, aued- "to speak" (p. 76).
7. au-, aue^-, aue^i- "to love, to desire, to help" (p. 77).
Reconstruction: *awe "to notice, to measure"
2. ak "to make, to do"
ag^- "to drive, lead, put into motion" (p. 4).
Reconstruction: *a(g)-ak "to make, do"
3. ba "to give as a gift or ration"
1. bhag- "to ration, to alot" (p. 107).
Reconstruction: *ba(g) "to ration"
4. bad.r "to be remote, to remove, to open (the hand)"
1. pet-, p.t-, pet@- "to spread out (the arms)" (p. 824).
[Note the many forms with -r suffix.]
Reconstruction: *pat-r "to spread out"
5. ba.al "to dig"
3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
[Many words mean hole, plough, spade...]
Reconstruction: *ba^r "to dig (a hole)"
6. bal "to cross, transfer, pour off, libate, shake (the head)"
2. bher- "to boil, to be excited" (p. 132).
bal-, balbal- "to whirl, to turn" (p. 93).
Reconstruction: *bal "to turn"; bar "to boil"
7. bar "to open, split, keep away"
3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
Reconstruction: *bar "to split"
8. bi6 "to tear (off)"
bhre^i-, bhri(^)- "to bore, to cut (to pieces)" (p. 166).
Reconstruction: *bri "to tear to pieces"
9. bil "to burn"
bheleg-, bhleg, bhelg- "to shine" (p. 124).
[Maybe bhel@g- ?]
Reconstruction: *beli(g) "to burn"
10. bir "to scatter"
3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
Reconstruction: *ber "to scatter"
11. bi.z "to drip"
1. bhes "to rub off, crush, scatter" (p. 145).
[Note Greek psias "drop", and Toch. pa"s "pour".]
Reconstruction: *bes-t "to drip"
12. bu.luh / bu.uh2 "to tremble"
bh(e)reu-: bh(e)ru(^)-, "to brew, to boil, to be excited" (p. 143).
Reconstruction: *boruh "to tremble"
13. bulug~3 "to grow"
4. bhel-, bhle^-, bhlo^-, bhl@- "leaf; to grow, to bloom" (p. 122).
[Note OE blo^wan, with -w- suffix]
Reconstruction: *boluw "to bloom, grow"
14. bu.r "to tear out"
3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
Reconstruction: *bor "to tear"
15. bur2 "to spread out (a garment), to loosen, dissolve, reveal,
inspect, to bare (the teeth)"
? 3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
Reconstruction: *bor "to open, lay bare"
16. bur3 "to pearce, to break in (a house)"
3. bher- "to bore, to drill, to cut, to cut to pieces" (p. 133).
[Better connection might be Latin fur- "thief" (< *bhur?)].
Reconstruction: *bur "break in"
17. dab5 "to seize, catch"
da^: d@-, da^i-: d@i- :di(^)- "to cut up, to divide, to offer,
to eat" (p. 175).
da^p, d@p- "to cut up, divide", d@p-no- "meal offering" (p. 176).
[Original meaning must have been "hunt"]
Reconstruction: *dap "to hunt, catch"
18. dag2, dadag "clean"
da^- "liquid; to flow" (p. 175).
[Note especially Arm. tamuk "wet", Hitt. dame(n)k "to fall as
rain"].
Reconstruction: *da(m)k "to wash, clean"
19. dag "to run, rove about"
4. der-, der@-, dre^- "to skin, to tear off, to split" (p. 206).
derek- "to skin, to tear off, to split" (p. 210).
[Note Slov. drkam "glide, run, trot", Russ. derkij "fast".
Cf. also E. "split, take off = go away"]
Reconstruction: *de(r)k "to take off, to split"
20. dag~al "wide"
3. deu-, deu@-, dua^-, du^- "to move forward, be distant, far, long
(in time)" (p. 219).
Reconstruction: *dewal "far, wide"
21. dah "to add, say further, help"
? *do^-: d@-, do^-u-: d@u-: du "to give" (p. 223).
Reconstruction: *dah "to help, add to, [give]"
22. dal "to fly"
2. del- "to wobble", or
2. dei@- (dia^-, di@-, di^-) "to whirl, to fly, to speed" (p. 187).
[The second form seems closer in meaning, if not in form]
Reconstruction: *d(i)a-l "to fly"
23. dar "to split"
da^: d@-, da^i-: d@i- :di(^)- "to cut up, to divide, to offer,
to eat" (p. 175).
Reconstruction: *da-r "to cut up, split"
24. de2 "to pour"
1. dei-, dei@-, di^-, dia^- "to shine brightly, to pour (light)"
(p. 183).
[Note Low-German ti^l "honey", and Slavic *dus-diu "rain"]
Reconstruction: *de(i) "to pour"
25. de6; tum2; lah4 "to bring, carry"
2. dhe^ "to set, to put; to make, to do" (p. 235), and
1. tel-, tel@-, tle^(i)-, tla^- "to carry, to lift, weigh, to
endure, tolerate" (p. 1060).
[Note the striking resemblance to Latin fero (*bher-), tuli,
latum.
Maybe tum2 should be read [tuh] or [tul]?]
Reconstruction: *de [be??], *tl.h [?], *tlah "to carry"
26. dib "to pass by"
?
27. dim2 "to make, fashion, create"
dem-, dem@- "to build; house" (p. 198).
Reconstruction: *dem(i) "to make"
28. dirig "to float, be extra, supreme over"
1. dher-, dher@-gh- "drab, leftover fat, faeces, dirty, dark"
(p. 251).
Reconstruction: *der-ig
29. du3 [dru] "to erect, build"
deru-, do(^)ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreue-: dru^- "tree" (p. 214).
[The semantic shift tree->building material->build is obvious,
and occurs sporadically in the IE forms.
The meaning "tree" may be conserved in "g~i-dru" scepter
(*wit-dru, "tree-branch")]
Reconstruction: *dru "tree; to build"
30. du7 "to butt, gore"
? dig(h)- "goat" (p. 222).
[It is tempting to associate the Sumerian with this word for
"goat"
(Armenian, Germanic).]
Reconstruction: *do(g) "to butt"
31. du8 [duh, dur?] "to open, loosen, release"
? 3. deu-, deu@-, dua^-, du^- "to move forward, be distant,
far, long (in time)" (p. 219).
[Connection doubtful. Judging by dag~al, the laryngeal was
not of the "hard" kind. But the root in question does often
have forms in -r (Lat. durare, etc.)].
Reconstruction: *du-r "to be wide, open [?]"
32. du12 "to play an instrument, to sing"
dheugh- "to touch, to press, to express, to milk, be
plentiful" (p. 271).
[Note Irish du^an "poem", for the meaning "to sing"].
Reconstruction: *du(g) "to play, sing"
33. dub "to heap up, sprinkle off, strew"
4. dheu-, dheu@- (dhue^-) "to whirl, to blow, to smoke, to
smell, to storm, to be excited, to shake; dust, smoke, breath"
(p. 261).
Reconstruction: *du-p "to heap up"
34. dub2 "to tremble"
As above, from 4. dheu-, or maybe:
dhreup- "to fall apart" (p. 275).
Reconstruction: *drup "to tremble"
35. dug3 "good, pleasant"
dlku- "sweet" (p. 222).
Reconstruction: *dl.k "sweet, good"
36. dug4; e "to speak, say, tell, order, converse"
dng^hu^, dng^hua^ "tongue" (p. 223).
e^g^-, o^g^-, @g^- "to speak, to say" (p. 290).
[Note that in "eme" [< *enghwe ?], the initial d has been
lost, as also occurs in IE].
Reconstruction: *dn.g, *e(g) "to speak"
37. dugud "heavy, important"
deuk- "to pull, to lead" (p. 220).
[Also "to carry, to care for, to lead [dux, Herzog]].
Reconstruction: *duk-Vt "to carry a load, be heavy"
38. dul "to cover"
4. dheu-, dheu@- (dhue^-) "to whirl, to blow, to smoke, to
smell, to storm, to be excited, to shake; dust, smoke, breath"
(p. 261).
[-l suffix like in the IE words for "dust", etc.]
Reconstruction: *du-l "to cover (with dust, sand)"
39. dun "to dig (with a hoe)"
4. dheu-, dheu@- (dhue^-) "to whirl, to blow, to smoke, to
smell, to storm, to be excited, to shake; dust, smoke, breath"
(p. 261).
[-n suffix as in "dune", or -m?]
Reconstruction: *dun [*dum ?] "to pile up earth, to dig"
40. e3; e3.d [i] "to go out, bring out"
41. e11.d "to go down/up, to bring down/up"
1. ei-, ei-dh-, ei-gh-, i-ta^-, ia^-, ie^-: io^-: i@- "to go"
(p. 293).
Reconstruction: *i, *it- "to go [out, down, up]"
42. gal "big"
3. g(h)al- "to be able to" [Slav. gole^m: "big, high"]
(p. 351).
[If gal could be read g~al, rather:]
ual-, ual-d(h)- "strong" [Toch. wa^lo "king"] (p. 1111).
3. uel- "to press together, to gather, to lock in" (p. 1138).
[The last root the source of Russ. vel-ikij, etc "big"]
Reconstruction: *gal [*wal?] "big"
43. galam "artful, elaborate, high"
? Slavic gole^m [see gal].
Reconstruction: *gal-em "high"
44. gam [gur2?] "to bow down, kneel"
ge^u-, g@u-, gu^- "to bend, to curve" (p. 393).
geu-ro-s, gu^-ro-s, etc. "round, curved" (p. 397).
[The etymology supports the gur2 reading].
Reconstruction: *gur "bow, kneel"
45. gaz "to slaughter, kill, strike, break, crush"
1. g^hasto-, g^hazdo- "pole, javelin; to spear" (p. 412).
Reconstruction: *gast "to spear, kill, break"
46. ge.n "firm, strong; to establish as property"
gem- "to seize, to press, to fill" (p. 368).
g^em(@)- "to marry" (p, 369).
Reconstruction: *gem "to seize firmly"
47. gi4 "to return, come back, send back, answer"
gei- "to turn, to bend" (p. 354).
geis- "to turn, to bend" (p. 355).
Reconstruction: *gi(-s) "to turn, return"
48. gib/gil "crossed, twisted; to block, cause difficulty"
? see *gei- above, with -p and/or? -l affixes.
Reconstruction: *gi-p, *gi-l "twisted, hedge [?]"
49. gibil "new; to renew"
From the same root as the above words.
Reconstruction: *gi-pV-l "new, renew, new cycle"
50. gid2 "long; to measure out, to draw (a boat), to stretch out (the
hand)"
1. g^he^-, g^he^i- "to be empty; to leave, go away, go"
(p. 418).
Reconstruction: *gi-t "to be away, to go away"
51. gig "sick, painful"
?
52. gu7 "to eat, feed"
ge^u-, g@u-, gu^- "to bend, to curve" (p. 393).
gut-r "throat" (p. 394).
Reconstruction: *gu "to swallow, to eat" [and: *gutr "throat, neck"?]
53. gub; su8.g "to stand, erect, stand by, serve, stand aside"
ge^u-, g@u-, gu^- "to bend, to curve" (p. 393).
gupa^ "hole in the ground" (p. 395).
3. seu-: su-: seue-: su^- "to bend, to turn, to lead on"
(p. 914).
Reconstruction: *gu-p "ground, to ground, erect, stand", *su-k "id."
54. gu4.ud "to jump"
1. ghre^u-: ghr@u-: ghru^- "to fall apart, to fall upon, to
fall" (p. 460).
Reconstruction: *gru^-t "to fall, to jump"
55. gu.ul "to enlarge, increase, make numerous"
(ghre^-:) ghro^-: ghr@- "to grow, be green", ghro^-s: ghr@s-
"grass" (p. 454).
Reconstruction: *gro^-l "to grow, increase"
56. gul "to destroy, fall upon, wreck to pieces"
1. ghre^u-: ghr@u-: ghru^- "to fall apart, to fall upon, to
fall" (p. 460).
2. ghre^u-: ghr@u-: ghru^- "to rub hard, to crush" (p. 460).
Reconstruction: *gru-l "to fall upon, to crush"
57. gun3 "multicolored"
g^hel- (ghel-), g^hel@-: g^hle^-, g^hlo^-: g^hl@- "to shine,
glitter; yellow, green, blue, grey" (p. 429).
[both -n and -m occur as affixes]
Reconstruction: *glo^-n [glo^-m] "multicolored"
58. gur "to come back, return, reject (evidence), turn away from, bend
(the arm), roll/wrap (with the hand)"
ge^u-, g@u-, gu^- "to bend, to curve" (p. 393).
geu-ro-s, gu^-ro-s, etc. "round, curved" (p. 397).
Reconstruction: *gur "to bend, curve"
59. gur4 "thick, wonderful"
ge^u-, g@u-, gu^- "to bend, to curve" (p. 393).
geu-ro-s, gu^-ro-s, etc. "round, curved" (p. 397).
Reconstruction: *gur "round, thick"
60. g~al2 "to be (somewhere), to be available, possible, to be with
s.o., to place (into), to have on one's person, carry"
ual-, ual-d(h)- "strong" (p. 1111).
[Note Lat. valere "to be strong, valid", Russ. vladet'
"to own", etc.]
Reconstruction: *wal "to own, be able to, etc."
61. g~ar "to place, to restore, to remove from"
5. uer- "to lock, cover, hide, guard, save" (p. 1160).
Reconstruction: *war "to store"
62. g~en; du; (e.)re7.er; su8.b "to go, come"
gwa^-, gwem- "to go, to come; to be born" p. 463).
1. dheu- "to walk, to run" (p. 259).
3. er-: or-: r- "to move, to elate, be high" (p. 326),
[or maybe:
reidh- "to ride, move" (p. 861), or
ret(h)- "to walk, to run; wheel" (p. 866).
]
[I have not been able to find an appropriate cognate for
su8.b. If it is possible to read the sign as /zu.b/, the
following would be a possibility:
steb(h)-, ste^b(h)-: st@bh- "pole, trunk, to support, make
fast, hinder; to step (on), to walk" (p. 1011).
]
Reconstruction: *(g)wem, *du, *er-er, *stob [?] "to go, come"
63. g~ir2 "to lighten, flash"
[Maybe:]
3. uei-, uei@-: ui(^)- "to go, drive away, be strong"
(p. 1123), and ui(^)ros- "man, powerful" (p. 1177).
[Another possibility is:]
2. uer-, uer-d-, uer-s- "high, high place" (p. 1151).
[I prefer the first, as it would allow explaining dig~ir
[Emesal dimmeer] as *diw-wi^r "heaven-force [lightning]"].
Reconstruction: *wir "lightning"
64. hal "to deal out, distribute"
2. al- "to grow, to feed" (p. 26).
Reconstruction: *hal "to feed, distribute"
65. ha.lam "to ruin, destroy"
3. a(^)l- "to wander, be confused" (p. 27).
4. al- "to burn" (p. 28).
5. al- "to grind, to pulverize" (p. 28).
Reconstruction: *hal-am "to destroy"
66. har "to chew"
5. al- "to grind, to pulverize" (p. 28).
[or rather Hittite hark- "to destroy"?]
Reconstruction: *har(g) "to chew"
67. ha.za "to hold, grasp"
? areq- "to protect, hold, have" (p. 65)
Hittite har(k)-
Reconstruction: *ha(rk)-[sta?] "to hold"
68. he/hi "to mix"
?
69. hug~ "to hire, rent"
8. ues- "to buy, sell" (p. 1173).
Reconstruction: huwe(s)? "to hire"
70. hul "to destroy"
ol-(e)- "to destroy" (p. 777).
5. el-, ol- "to destroy, to ruin" (p. 306).
Reconstruction: *hol "to destroy"
71. hul2 "to rejoice over"
ul-, ulul- "to howl" (p. 1105).
Reconstruction: *hul "to rejoice"
72. hu.luh "to become frightened"
Connection with hul?
73. hur "to scratch, to grind"
ereb-, orob-, ro:b- "to bore, drill, make holes" (p. 333).
Reconstruction: *hur(b) "to scratch, gind"
74. il2 "to lift, carry"
6. el-, el@-: la^-; el-eu(-dh)- "to set in motion, drive; to
go" (p. 306).
Reconstruction: *el(i) "to carry (up)"
75. zi...ir "to [IR] the soul = to be worried"
3. er-: or-: r- "to move, to elate, be high" (p. 326).
Reconstruction: *er(i) "to move (up)"
76. kal "precious"
2. kal-, kali-, kalu- "beautiful, healthy" (p. 524).
Reconstruction: *kal "precious"
77. kalag "strong"
2. kal-, kali-, kalu- "beautiful, healthy" (p. 524).
Reconstruction: *kal-ak "healthy, strong"
78. (nu-)kam3(-me-) "(un)change(able)"
(s)kamb- "to bend, to curve; crooked; change" (p. 918).
Reconstruction: *kam(b) "change"
79. kar "to flee, take away, remove"
Maybe:
1. kar- "to scorn, to punish" (p. 530).
koro-s, korio-s "war, warlord" (p. 615).
Cf. also:
4. (s)ker, (s)ker@-, (s)kre^ "to cut" (p. 938).
Reconstruction: *kar "to flee, etc."
80. kar2 "to shine, illuminate"
(s)ka^i-(d/t)- "bright, shiny; image, sign, clear" (p. 916).
Reconstruction: *ka-t-r "to shine"
81. kes^2/kes^da [kes^dr?] "to bind"
k(^)es- "to scratch, to comb; hair" (p. 585/586).
k^(e)s-tro-m "knife"
[comb => hair => hairdo => tie, bind?]
Reconstruction: *kes-tr "comb"
82. kid2 "to pinch off (clay), to break off"
ske(^)i-d/t- "to cut, to split" (p. 920, 921).
Reconstruction: *ki-t "to cut, break off"
83. kin [kig~?] "to seek"
ke^i- (: k@i-: ki(^), ki^-(n-)eu, ki@-: kie^) "to put in
motion, to move" (p. 538).
Reconstruction: *ki-n "to go, seek out"
84. kir3 "to nip off (clay)"
4. (s)ker, (s)ker@-, (s)kre^ "to cut" (p. 938).
Reconstruction: *ker(i) "to cut, nip off"
85. u3...ku-ku "to [KU-KU] sleep = to sleep"
2. keu-, keu@- "to bend, to curve, to huddle" (p. 588).
2. (s)keu-, (s)keu@-: (s)ku^- "to cover, protect" (p. 951).
Reconstruction: *ku "to huddle up, cover o.s."
86. kud.r "to cut off"
6. ske^u-(t)- "to cut, to split, to scratch" (p. 954).
Reconstruction: *ku-t-r "to cut"
87. ku10.g "black, dark"
2. (s)keu-, (s)keu@-: (s)ku^- "to cover, protect" (p. 951).
Reconstruction: *ku-k "covered, dark"
88. kug "clean, pure; to cleanse"
1. (s)keu- "to prepare, to adorn, to dress" (p. 950).
Reconstruction: *ku-k "to cleanse"
89. ku4.r; sun5 "to enter, bring in, to turn into, become"
2. keu-, keu@- "to bend, to curve, to huddle" (p. 588).
3. seu-: su-: seue-: su^- "to bend, to turn, to lead on"
(p. 914).
Reconstruction: *ku-r, su-n "to turn (into)"
90. kur2 "to change"
As ku4.r above (maybe another consonant followed: *ku-rC).
91. kus^2.u3 "to be troubled, care about, become tired"
2. (s)keu-, (s)keu@-: (s)ku^- "to cover, protect" (p. 951).
Reconstruction: *ku-sku "to care; troubled, tired (of caring)"
92. la2 "to carry, hang from; weigh out, pay; bind, harness; be few,
diminish; stretch; let (the neck) hang down, to hold (in the
hand)"
le(^)b-, lo(^)b-, la^b-, l.b- "to hang loosely off, lip, to be
weak, etc." (p. 655).
Reconstruction: *la(b) "to hang loose, be weak, bind?"
93. lu "numerous, abundant"
1. leudh- "to grow up, progeny, people" (p. 684).
Reconstruction: *lu(d) "abundant, people"
94. lu.g "to swarm (of fish and birds)"
2. lek (: l@k-), le^k-: l@k- "limb, articulation, bend, jump;
locust" (p. 673).
Compare also: 2. le^k- "to shred; rag" (p. 674).
Reconstruction: *lok- "locust, swarm"
95. luh "to cleanse, wash"
lou-, lou@- "to wash" (p. 692).
Reconstruction: *loh "to wash"
96. (ma5,) ma5-ma5 "to burn; to grind"
9. ues- = aues-
aues- "to shine, dawn, gold" (p. 86).
1. mel- (smel-), mel@-: mle^-, etc. "to crush, pound, mill;
fine, soft, weak" (p. 716).
mel@-k, mla^k- "weak, soft, dim" (p. 719).
Reconstruction: *was "to burn"; *mlak "to grind"
97. mah "great, magnificent"
meg^(h): m.g^(h)- "big" (p. 708).
Reconstruction: *ma(g)h "great"
98. me "to be"
1. ues- "to stay, dwell, live, spend the night; to be"
(p. 1170).
Reconstruction: *we(s) "to be"
99. mu2 "to grow"
aueg-, uo^g-, aug-, ug- "to add, to enlarge, to grow" (p. 84).
Reconstruction: *wo(g) "to grow"
100. mu4.r "to dress, clothe"
5. ues- "dress" (p. 1172).
Reconstruction: *wo(s)-r "to dress"
101. mul "to shine, radiate (of branches)"
2. mer- "to shine, glitter" (p. 733).
rather than:
12. uer- "to burn" (p. 1166).
Reconstruction: *mor "to shine"
102. na2 [nu?] "to lie (together), to lay down"
legh- "to lie (down), to lay" (p. 658).
Reconstruction: *l~o(g) "to lie"
103. nag~ "to drink"
2. uelk-, uelg- "wet" (p. 1145).
[Latin liquidus < *wlik-w-?]
Reconstruction: *(w)l~aw "wet, to drink"
104. nig~in; nini? "to wander around, surround"
?
105. pad.r "to break"
bha^t-: bh@t- "to beat, to strike" (p. 111).
Reconstruction: *bat-r "to beat, break"
106. pad3 "to call, see, show, reveal, find, choose out of"
1. bha^-, bho^-, bh@- "to shine, to appear" (p. 104).
Reconstruction: *ba-t "to appear, see, show, ..."
107. pes^ "thick"
pei(@)-, pi(^); pi^mos-s, pi^uo-s "fat" (p. 793).
Reconstruction: *pe(i)-sk "fat, thick"
108. pil / pi.il / pe.el "obscure, dirty, defiled"
6. pel- "grey, pale color" (p. 804).
Reconstruction: *pel "dark, dirty"
109. ra "to beat, press, throw away from"
3. uer- "to turn, to bend; worm" (p. 1152).
[twigs > rod, cane > beat]
Reconstruction: *wra-(g?) "to beat, bind, throw [?]"
110. s^u...ra.g "to [RAG] the hand = to erase"
3. uer- "to turn, to bend, worm" (p. 1152).
ureik- "to turn, wrap, bind" (p. 1158).
Reconstruction: *wra-k "to wipe ?"
111. ri; ri.g "to pour, inject into; place upon, impose, lean against;
throw away from"
9. au(e)-, aued-, auer- "to wet, to flow, water" (p. 78).
auer- "water, rain, river" (p. 80).
uers- "rain, dew" (p. 81).
Reconstruction: *wre^-(s?), wre^-k "to pour"
112. rig7 "to bestow, to grant"
3. uer- "to turn, to bend, worm" (p. 1152).
ureik- "to turn, wrap, bind" (p. 1158).
Reconstruction: *wr(e)i-k "what turns one's way?"
113. rin2 "bright"
12. uer- "to burn" (p. 1166).
Reconstruction: *wre-n "bright"
114. a...ru "to [RU] water = to dedicate, give as a votive gift"
sreu- "to stream" (p. 1003).
Reconstruction: *(s)ru "to pour, spill"
115. ru.gu2 "to withstand, oppose"
1. rek- "to rise up, pole" (p. 863).
[also: spine, back, etc]
Reconstruction: rok-uC "to withstand, oppose"
116. sa2 "to be equal to, compare with, compete"
seg^h-, seg^hi-, seg^hu- "to hold, to vanquish, victory"
(p. 888).
[cf. Greek skhethros "just, exactly", skhedon "close"].
Reconstruction: *sa(g) "to be close, to fight"
117. sa4 "to (call by) name"
Maybe?
2. sekw- "to notice, to see, to show; to say" (p. 897).
Reconstruction: *sa(w) "to say, to name"
118. sa10 "to buy, to sell"
3. sel- "to take, to seize, to earn, to sell" (p. 899).
[Celtic: sle^i-]
Reconstruction: *sla(i) "to buy, sell"
119. sal "to be thin, spread"
3. selp- "fat, butter" (p. 901).
Reconstruction: *sal(p) "spread fat (thinly)"
120. sar "to write, to drive, chase away"
1. ser- "to flow, move rapidly; fluid, speech" (p. 909).
Reconstruction: *sar "to write; to chase away"
121. se3.g/k "to place"
2. se^(i)-: s@i-: si^; se^- : s@-, sei-: si- "to send away, to
throw, to drop, to sow; to let go, omit, rest; to reach, to
tire o.s.; effort, force; seed, tranquil, lasting" (p. 889).
Reconstruction: *se(i)-k "to place into the ground"
122. si "full; to fill"
seikw- "to pour, drip" (p. 893).
seip- "to pour, drip" (p. 894).
Reconstruction: *si(w) "to pour, fill"
123. si.g / si.ig "to put into the ground (foundations)?"
2. se^(i)-: s@i-: si^; se^- : s@-, sei-: si- "to send away, to
throw, to drop, to sow; to let go, omit, rest; to reach, to
tire o.s.; effort, force; seed, tranquil, lasting" (p. 889).
Reconstruction: *si^-k "to put into the ground"
124. sig "weak"
2. se^(i)-: s@i-: si^; se^- : s@-, sei-: si- "to send away, to
throw, to drop, to sow; to let go, omit, rest; to reach, to
tire o.s., etc", rather than:
seug- "sad, sick" (p. 915).
Reconstruction: *si-k "tired"
125. sig3 "to beat (a drum), tremble, smite, shake (the head)"
2. se^(i)-: s@i-: si^; se^- : s@-, sei-: si- "to send away, to
throw, to drop, to sow; to let go, cease, rest; to reach, to
tire o.s.; effort, force; seed, tranquil, lasting" (p. 889).
[Make a throwing movement with the hand?]
Reconstruction: *si-k "to shake"
126. sig7 / sa7.g "pleasant, beautiful; to create"
se^k- "to cease; slow, easy"
Cf. 2. se^i-
Reconstruction: *sek, *sak "pleasant, quiet"
127. sikil "pure, clean"
128. si.il "to split, tear apart; go away, absent o.s."
129. silig "to cease, lay aside one's work"
130. silim "good, healthy"
Compounds of si "full of..."?
131. su "to replace"
2. seu- (seu@-), su(^)- "to give birth, pregnancy; son"
(p. 913).
[son > successor > replacement ?]
Reconstruction: *su "to succeed, replace"
132. su/su3 "to drown, go down (of ship), set under water, (with
kus^7[?]) to devastate?"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
Reconstruction: *su-(?) "to drown"
133. su3 "to sprinkle"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
Reconstruction: *su-(?) "to sprinkle, wet"
134. su.ub "to rub, to kiss"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
Reconstruction: *su(g) "to suck [?]"
135. sud.r "remote, lasting"
?
136. su3.g "naked, empty, to waste"
seug- "sad, sick" (p. 915).
[rather: seugh?]
Reconstruction: *sug "wasted, naked"
137. igi...suh "to [SUH] the eyes = to stare with wide open eyes"
Maybe:
3. seu-: su-: seue-: su^- "to bend, to turn, to lead on"
(p. 914).
but the -h doesn't fit.
Reconstruction: *suh "to open wide?"
138. suh3 "confused"
4. seu-, seu-t- "to boil, be excited" (p. 914).
Reconstruction: *suh(-t) "excited, confused"
139. sukud "high"
?
140. sum "to give"
? 2. sem "one, together, with" (p. 902).
[A number of Germanic words have developed meanings like
"togetherness, friendly, kind", etc. "To give" is not among
them, but possible in principle.]
Reconstruction: *som ? "to give"
141. sur "to make liquid (urinate, have diarrhea...)"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
Reconstruction: *su-r "make wet"
142. s^a4 "to wail, resound, moan"
? (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d/t- "to strike, to give a blow"
(p. 917).
Reconstruction: *ska(i) ? "to be beaten, moan"
143. s^ag5 "good, favorable"
? (s)kek-, skeg- "to jump, to move lively" (p. 922).
Reconstruction: *skak "happy, good"
144. s^ar2 "to mix; to slaughter"
4. (s)ker, (s)ker@-, (s)kre^ "to cut" (p. 938).
Reconstruction: *skar "to cut up"
145. s^e.ba "careless, negligent"
?
146. s^ed7 "cool"
skot- "shadow, dark" (p. 957).
Reconstruction: *sket "shadow, cool"
147. s^e.g "obedient, to agree"
(s)kek-, skeg- "to jump, to move lively" (p. 922).
Reconstruction: *skek "to make jump, run, obedient"
148. s^eg~3 "to rain"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
[Cf. Tocharian swese]
Reconstruction: *swe(s)we [?] "rain"
149. s^eg~6 "to boil"
4. seu-, seu-t- "to boil, be excited" (p. 914).
Reconstruction: *sew- (*skew- ?) "to boil"
150. s^es^2 "to anoint"
1. seu-, seu@-: su^- "juice, wet, to rain, to suck" (p. 912).
Reconstruction: *swe-sk "to wet, anoint"
151. s^id "to count, recite, read aloud"
ske(^)i- "to cut, to split" (p. 919)
ske(^)i-d/t- "to cut, to split" (p. 920, 921).
Reconstruction: *ski-t "to split, tell apart, count"
152. s^u2 "to cover, overwhelm"
2. (s)keu-, (s)keu@-: (s)ku^- "to cover, protect" (p. 951).
6. ske^u-(t)- "to cut, to split, to scratch" (p. 954).
Reconstruction: *sku "to cover, overwhelm"
153. s^ub "to fall (upon), to throw, to drop"
skeub(h)-, skeug- "to shoot off, to throw, to shove away"
(p. 955).
[*skeu-p not attested]
Reconstruction: *sku-p "to throw, drop, jump"
154. s^um "to slaughter"
(s)kre^-m-, (s)kr@-m- "to cut" (p. 945).
Reconstruction: *skrom "to slaughter"
155. s^ur2 "to be enraged"
4. (s)ker, (s)ker@-, (s)kre^ "to cut" (p. 938).
Reconstruction: *skor "to cut, fight, be angry ?"
156. tab "to make double, clutch, clasp to, join"
steb(h)-, ste^b(h)-: st@bh- "pole, trunk, to support, make
fast, hinder; to step (on), to walk" (p. 1011).
Reconstruction: *tap "to fasten, join, clutch"
157. tag "to touch"
tag-, (teg-: tog-; t.g-) "to touch, to seize" (p. 1054).
Reconstruction: *ta(n)g "to touch"
158. tag4 [taka?, da.da?] "to leave, divorce, neglect, disregard"
tak-, take^(i)- "to be silent, to silence, throttle" (p. 1055).
Reconstruction: *tak "to silence, neglect, abandon"
159. tal2 "wide, broad; to spread wide, unfold?"
2. tel-, tel@-, telu- "flat, bottom, earth" (p. 1061).
Reconstruction: *tal "wide"
160. tam "to choose"
?
161. tar "to cut"
3. ter-, ter@-, teri-, tre^i-, tri^-, teru-: treu- "to rub,
turn, bore, drill; hole" (p. 1071).
Reconstruction: *tar "to cut"
162. te/ti; te.g~/ti.g~ "to approach"
?
163. te.en "to relax, cool off; cool"
2. tem(@)-, temes-, tems-ro- "dark" (p. 1063).
Reconstruction: *te^m(s) "dark, cool"
164. ti.l; sig7 "to be alive, to dwell"
te^u-, t@u-, teue-, tuo^-, tu(^)- "to swell, thick, swollen"
(p. 1080).
3. seu-: su-: seue-: su^- "to bend, to turn, to lead on"
(p. 914).
sue(^)i- "to bend, to turn, to swing" (p. 1041)
Reconstruction: *twe-l(i), swe-k(i) "to be fat, to live"
165. til "to be completed, finish, cease, perish"
[Despite the vocalism:]
tre(^)u- "to flourish, to ripen, come to perfection, end"
(p. 1095).
tr-eu-d- "to press, to beat" (p. 1095).
Reconstruction: *tri-l "to ripen, finish; perish"
166. a...tu5 "to [TU5] water = to bathe, wash"
ta^-, t@-; ta^i-, t@i-, ti(^)-; [ta^u-], t@u-, tu(^)- "to melt
(away), to wet" (p. 1053).
Reconstruction: *tu "to sprinkle"
167. tu10.b [hub?] "to strike, smite, pile up"
(s)teup "to strike" (p. 1034).
1. op- "to work, accomplish, earn; riches" (p. 780)
Reconstruction: *stup?, *hop? "to strike", "to pile up"
168. tu.d/u3.tu.d "to bear, fashion"
?
169. tud2 "to hit"
(s)teud-, (s)tu(n)d- "to hit, stab" (p. 1033).
Reconstruction: *tu(n)d :to hit"
170. tuk4 "to tremble"
(s)teuk- "to hit, beat" (p. 1032).
Reconstruction: tuk-k "to beat, shake"
171. tuku "to have"
teuk- "sprout, seed, progeny" (p. 1085).
Reconstruction: *tuku-u "to be potent, to have"
172. tu.lu "loose, limp"
te^u-, t@u-, teue-, tuo^-, tu(^)- "to swell, thick, swollen"
(p. 1080).
Reconstruction: *tu-lu "swelling"
173. tur "small, reduced"
te^u-, t@u-, teue-, tuo^-, tu(^)- "to swell, thick, swollen"
(p. 1080).
[Cf. Greek so^ma "body" (< "gedrungenes")].
Reconstruction: tu-r "stump, small"
174. tus^; durun "to sit, live somewhere, seat"
te^u-, t@u-, teue-, tuo^-, tu(^)- "to swell, thick, swollen"
(p. 1080).
2. dher- dher@- "to hold, to support, to carry" (p. 252).
[tus^ is derived from "buttocks"].
Reconstruction: *tu-sk, *doron "to sit"
175. u5 "to ride, mount"
1. ei-, ei-dh-, ei-gh-, i-ta^-, ia^-, ie^-: io^-: i@- "to go"
(p. 293).
Reconstruction: *io(g), *io(s) "to ride"
176. ul4 "to hurry, hasten"
6. el-, el@-: la^-; el-eu(-dh)- "to set in motion, drive; to
go" (p. 306).
Reconstruction: *ul(h) "to drive on"
177. u19.lu "(supernatural) howl, wind"
ul-, ulul- "to howl" (p. 1105).
[Onomatopoeic]
Reconstruction: *ulu(l) "howl"
178. ur3 "to drag over the ground"
uers- "to creep on the floor" (p. 1169).
Reconstruction: *wr(s) "to creep"
179. ur4 "to reap, collect, harvest"
180. uru4, ur11(.ru) "to plow"
2. uerg^-, ureg^- "work, to do" (p. 1168).
Reconstruction: wr(g), wr(g)u "to work the land: to plow, to harvest"
181. us2 "to follow, join, reach, raise (the neck), build (a nest),
set (on the ground), lay (the hand) on"
1. ais- "to wish, to desire, to seek" (p. 16).
Reconstruction: o(i)s- "to seek, reach"
182. us^2; ug5 "to die, kill"
?
183. za "to make noise"
(s)trep-, (s)treb- "to make noise, to cry, etc." (p. 1037).
Reconstruction: *stra(b) "to make noise"
184. zah2 "to run away, flee"
(s)ta^i- "to steal, furtive, secret" (p. 1010).
Reconstruction: *stah(i) "to sneak away"
185. zal "to pass (time), spend the day"
3. stel- "to set (in order), still, stiff" (p. 1019)
Reconstruction: *stal "to be still, to stall, to pass time"
186. zalag "bright"
2. ste(^)r- "star"
4. ster- "stripe, ray, arrow", ster@-: stre^, strei-, streu-
"to graze, brush against" (p. 1028).
Reconstruction: *stre-lak "bright"
187. ze2.er, zi.r "to tear out, break"
5. ster-, ster@-: stre^, steru-, streu- "to enlarge, throw
about" (p. 1029).
Reconstruction: ste^r "to throw, break"
188. zig3 "to rise, stand up"
sta^-: st@-, si-sta^-, etc. "to stand, to set" (p. 1004).
sta^k-, stek- "to stand, to set" (p. 1011).
Reconstruction: *sti-k "to stand (up)"
189. zil "to peel off, strip off"
4. ster- "stripe, ray, arrow", ster@-: stre^, strei-, streu-
"to graze, brush against" (p. 1028).
Reconstruction: *stri-l "to graze, peel"
190. zil2 "pleasing"
stilp-, stilb- "to shine, look at" (p. 1035).
Reconstruction: *stil(b) "shiny, pleasing"
191. zu "to know"
1. (s)teu- "to hit, to beat, to strike" (p. 1032).
(s)teud-, (s)tu(n)d- "to hit, stab" (p. 1033).
[Cf. Latin studium]
Reconstruction: *stu(d) "to have hit, to know" [?]
192. zuh "to steal"
(s)ta^i- "to steal, furtive, secret" (p. 1010).
Reconstruction: *stoh(i) "to steal"
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